Shipping AI Sources

Citations

  • ABS (2023). Requirements for Hydrogen Fueled Vessels, ABS. https://ww2.eagle.org/content/dam/eagle/rules-and-guides/current/other/338-requirements-for-hydrogen-fueled-vessels/338-hydrogen-fueled-vessel-reqts-may23.pdf
  • ABS (2024). A feasibility study on future energy options for commercial harbor craft operating in California, ABS. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2024-10/ABS_MARAD_California%20Feasibility%20Study%20final_0.pdf
  • ABS (2024). Ammonia Bunkering - Technical and Operational Advisory, ABS. https://ww2.eagle.org/content/dam/eagle/advisories-and-debriefs/ammonia-bunkering-advisory.pdf
  • ABS (2024). Methanol Bunkering - Technical and Operational Advisory, ABS. https://ww2.eagle.org/content/dam/eagle/advisories-and-debriefs/methanol-bunkering-advisory.pdf
  • Anchor QEA (2018). Integrated Algal Flow-Way, Digester, and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project, Anchor QEA. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2020-10/Final_Integrated%20Flow-way_Fuel%20Cell%20Report_April2018.pdf
  • Appelgate, T. B. Jr., Russell, L. (2013). Longitudinal study of the performance characteristics and environmental impacts of renewable diesel fuels in marine engines, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/environment-security-safety/office-environment/746/renewable-diesel-fuel-oil-tests-scripps-institution-oceonography.pdf
  • Blaylock, M. L., Gitushi, K. M., Klebanoff, L. E. (2022). Hydrogen Gas Dispersion Studies for a Fuel Cell Vessel, Sandia National Lab. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2022-02/Final%20Version%20of%20Gas%20Dispersion%20Final%20Report.pdf
  • Bureau Veritas (2022). Alternative Fuels Outlook for Shipping - An overview of alternative fuels from a well-to-wake perspective, Bureau Veritas. https://safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/BV-Alternative-fuels-outlook-for-shipping-2022_10.pdf
  • CA Water Boards (2015). In-Water Vessel Hull Cleaning-Best Management Practice, CA Water Boards. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/publications_forms/documents/in_water_hull_cleaning_bmp_fact_sheet.pdf
  • Carr, E. W. , Winebrake, J. J., McCabe, S. J., Elling, M., Green, E. H. (2024). Ocean-Going Vessel Decarbonization Technology Assessment, EERA. https://www.pacificenvironment.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/OGV_tech_assessment_FINAL-52124.pdf
  • CE Delft (2022). The role of shore power in the future maritime fuel mix, CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/CE_Delft_210314_The_role_of_shore_power_in_the_future_maritime_fuel_mix_DEF.pdf
  • Collins Aerospace (2023). T/S Golden Bear Demonstration of the Thermal Energy Harvesting and Conversion System Test Report, Collins Aerospace. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2024-01/TS%20Golden%20Bear%202023%20Test%20Report%2001.19.2024%20final.pdf
  • Corbett J. J.,, Thomson, H., Winebrake, J. J. (2014). Natural Gas for Waterborne Freight Transport: A Life Cycle Emissions Assessment with Case Studies, University of Delaware, Rochester Institute of Technology. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9811/totalfuelcycleanalysisforlng.pdf
  • Corbett J. J.,, Thomson, H., Winebrake, J. J. (2015). Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Bunkering Operations in the Marine Sector: A Total Fuel Cycle Approach, University of Delaware, Rochester Institute of Technology. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9596/methane-emissions-lng-bunkering-20151124-final.pdf
  • Corbett J. J.,, Winebrake, J. J. (2018). Life Cycle Analysis of the Use of Methanol for Marine Transportation, University of Delaware, Rochester Institute of Technology. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/11056/marine-methanol-report-20180810final-002.pdf
  • De la Cruz, F. L. (2024). Over the rainbow: Why understanding full value chain carbon intensity is trumping the colour of hydrogen, Wood Mackenzie. https://www.woodmac.com/horizons/hydrogen-colours-value-chain-carbon-intensity/
  • DNV (2014). Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Bunkering Study, DNV. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9806/dnvlngbunkeringstudy3sep14.pdf
  • DNV (2023). Alternative Fuels for Containerships - LNG, methanol, ammonia, DNV. https://www.dnv.com/maritime/publications/alternative-fuels-for-containerships-methanol-and-ammonia-download/
  • DNV (2024). Energy Transition Outlook - Maritime Forecast to 2050, DNV. https://www.dnv.com/maritime/publications/maritime-forecast/
  • E-Circuit Motors, Massachusetts Maritime Academy (2019). E-Circuit Motors & Massachusetts Maritime Academy Motor Project Final Report, E-Circuit Motors, Massachusetts Maritime Academy. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/12041/finalreportecmmma-08-final.pdf
  • EMSA (2023). Safe Bunkering of Biofuels - Bunkering of biofuels in maritime: characteristics, regulatory landscape, and safety assessment, EMSA. https://www.emsa.europa.eu/publications/reports/item/5119-study-on-safe-bunkering-of-biofuels.html
  • EMSA, ABS, CE Delft, Arcsilea (2023). Potential of Ammonia as Fuel in Shipping, EMSA, ABS, CE Delft, Arcsilea. https://emsa.europa.eu/publications/reports/item/4833-potential-of-ammonia-as-fuel-in-shipping.html
  • EMSA, ABS, CE Delft, Arcsilea (2023). Potential of Hydrogen as Fuel in Shipping, EMSA, ABS, CE Delft, Arcsilea. https://emsa.europa.eu/publications/reports/item/5062-potential-of-hydrogen-as-fuel-for-shipping.html
  • EMSA, ABS, CE Delft, Arcsilea (2023). Update on Potential of Biofuels in Shipping, EMSA, ABS, CE Delft, Arcsilea. https://www.emsa.europa.eu/newsroom/latest-news/item/4834-update-on-potential-of-biofuels-for-shipping.html
  • Environmental Science Associates, Merkel & Associates, San Diego Unified Port District (2022). San Diego Bay Eelgrass Blue Carbon Study 2021-2022, Environmental Science Associates, Merkel & Associates, San Diego Unified Port District. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2022-12/2022-San-Diego-Bay-Eelgrass-Blue-Carbon-Study.pdf
  • Environmental Science Associates, Merkel & Associates, San Diego Unified Port District (2023). San Diego Bay Eelgrass Blue Carbon Study 2021-2023, Environmental Science Associates, Merkel & Associates, San Diego Unified Port District. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2024-03/San%20Diego%20Bay%20Eelgrass%20Blue%20Carbon%20Study%202021-2023.pdf
  • Foretich, A., Zaimes, G. G., Hawkins, T. R, Newes, E. (2021). Challenges and opportunities for alternative fuels in the maritime sector, Maritime Transport Research, 2, 100033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.martra.2021.100033
  • Glosten (2022). Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization Technical Guide, Glosten. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2022-11/Energy%20Efficiency%20%26%20Decarbonization%20Technical%20Guide%20%2810-2022%29.pdf
  • Glosten, SOCP (2016). Ship Operations Cooperative Program-Energy Efficiency White Paper, Glosten, SOCP. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2020-12/15099.01_%20SOCP%20Marine%20Vessel%20Energy%20Efficiency_Rev-_signed.pdf
  • GREEN RAY (2023). Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines - Current trends and future options, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 94, 101055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055
  • Green, E. H., Carr, E. W., Winebrake, J. J., Corbett, J. J. (2020). Blockchain Technology and Maritime Shipping: A Primer, EERA. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2020-07/MARAD%20Blockchain%20Final%20Primer%20%2820200622%29.pdf
  • Green, E. H., Carr, E. W., Winebrake, J. J., Corbett, J. J. (2020). Blockchain Technology and Maritime Shipping: An Exploration of Use Cases in the U.S. Maritime Transportation Sector, EERA. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2020-07/Blockchain%20Use%20Cases%20Final%20Report%20%2820200622%29.pdf
  • IAPH, WPCAP (2024). Port Readiness Level for Marine Fuels - assessment tool for bunker ports, IAPH, WPCAP. https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/Port-Readiness-Level-for-Marine-Fuels-assessment-tool-July-2024.pdf
  • IEA (2024). Energy Technology Perspectives, IEA. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/48d2ba37-f198-4e85-a978-faaea70ea4aa/EnergyTechnologyPerspectives2024.pdf
  • IMO (2015). Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study, IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/greenhouse-gas-studies-2014.aspx
  • IMO (2021). Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study, IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/Environment/Pages/Fourth-IMO-Greenhouse-Gas-Study-2020.aspx
  • Interlake Steamship Company (2018). Report Detailing the Installation and Operation of Marine Exhaust Gas Scrubbing Equipment Aboard the Great Lakes Self Unloading Motor Vessel Lee A Tregurtha, Interlake Steamship Company. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/10696/final-report-october-2018-002.pdf
  • Interphase Materials, Life Cycle Engineering (2022). Biofouling Prevention Demonstration on Seawater Cooling System, Interphase Materials, Life Cycle Engineering. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2022-09/Interphase%20Materials%20MMA%20Final%20Report.pdf
  • Johnson, K., Miller, W., Durbin, T., Jiang, Y., Yang, J., Karavalakis, G., Cocker, D. (2016). Black Carbon Measurement Methods and Emission Factors from Ships, UC Riverside, ICCT. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9801/marine-bc-testing-reportfinal16jan2017.pdf
  • Kass, M., Abdullah, Z., Biddy, M., Drennan, C., Hawkins, T., Jones, S., Holladay, J., Longman, D., Newes, E., Theiss, T., Thompson, T., Wang, M. (2018). Understanding the Opportunities of Biofuels for Marine Shipping, Oak Ridge. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/11866/understanding-opportunities-biofuels-marine-shippingfinalmdk-006.pdf
  • Klebanoff, L. E. (2023). Maritime Fuel Cell Generator Project: 2018-2023, Sandia National Lab. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2023-08/UUR%20SAND2023-05541%20MarFC%20Final%20Report.pdf
  • Klebanoff, L. E., Drube, T. K., Gerlach, J. M., Leach, T. S. (2024). Exploring Liquid Hydrogen Tank Technology for Zero-Emission Fuel Cell Vessels, Sandia National Lab. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2024-03/Exploring%20Liquid%20Hydrogen%20Tank%20Technology%20for%20Zero-Emission%20Fuel%20Cell%20Vessels.pdf
  • Klebanoff, L. E., Madsen, R. T., Conard, C. J., Caughlan, S. A. M., Leach, T. S., Appelgate, T. B. Jr. (2020). Feasibility of Replacing the R/V Robert Gordon Sproul with a Hybrid Vessel Employing Zero-Emission Propulsion Technology, Sandia National Lab. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2021-07/Final%20Report%20Study%20of%20Replacing%20the%20Robert%20Gordon%20Sproul%20with%20a%20Hybrid%20Vessel%20Employing%20Zero-emission%20Propulsion%20Technology.pdf
  • Klebanoff, L. E., Pratt, J. W., Madsen, R. T., Caughlan, S. A. M., Leach, T. S., Appelgate, T. B. Jr., Kelety, S. Z., Wintervoll, H. C., Haugom, G. P., Teo, A. T. Y. (2018). Feasibility of the Zero/V: A Zero-Emission, Hydrogen Fuel-Cell, Coastal Research Vessel, Sandia National Lab. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9826/zero-vfeasibilityreport.pdf
  • Life Cycle Engineering (2013). Renewable Diesel For Marine Application, Life Cycle Engineering. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9851/sugar-basedrenewabledieseltestingfinalreportaugust302013.pdf
  • Life Cycle Engineering (2022). Marine Carbon Capture Technology Review, Life Cycle Engineering. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2022-11/LCE%20CCS%20Study%20Final%20Report%2024%20Oct%202022.pdf
  • Lloyd's Register (2023). The future of maritime fuels - what you need to know, Lloyd's Register. https://www.thedecarbhub.org/insights-and-resources/the-future-of-maritime-fuels/
  • Miller, W., Johnson, K. C., Peng, W., Yang, J., (2019). Local Air Benefits by Switching from Diesel Fuel to LNG on a Marine Vessel, UC Riverside. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/11836/modal-emissions.pdf
  • Moon, H. S., Park, W. Y., Hendrickson, T., Phadke, A., Popovich, N. (2025). Exploring the cost and emissions impacts, feasibility and scalability of battery electric ships, Nature Energy, 10, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01655-y
  • Pal, N., Monroe, N., Klebanoff, L. (2023). Project Nautilus: Introducing Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology as a Retrofit on a Hybrid Electric Vessel, Hornblower, Sandia National Lab. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2023-10/Final%20Final%20Final%20Final%20Nautilus%20Phase%20I%20Report.pdf
  • Pittsburgh Region Clean Cities, The Shearer Group, "O"Ring CNG, Clipper Enterprises, Life Cycle Engineering (2019). Natural Gas Towboat Demonstration Project, Pittsburgh Region Clean Cities, The Shearer Group, "O"Ring CNG, Clipper Enterprises, Life Cycle Engineering. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/12271/prcc-natural-gas-conversion-final-report-12-13-19.pdf
  • Pratt, J. W., Chan, S. H. (2017). Maritime Fuel Cell Generator Project, Sandia National Lab. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2017/07/f35/fcto_maritime_fc_generator_2017.pdf
  • Pratt, J. W., Klebanoff, L. E. (2016). Feasibility of the SF/BREEZE: a Zero-Emission, Hydrogen Fuel Cell, High-Speed Passenger Ferry, Sandia National Lab. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9841/sf-breeze-ferry-feasibility-study-report-sandia-national-laboratory-2.pdf
  • RMI, Global Maritime Forum (2024). Oceans of Opportunity - Supplying Green Methanol and Ammonia at Ports, RMI, Global Maritime Forum. https://globalmaritimeforum.org/report/oceans-of-opportunity-supplying-green-methanol-and-ammonia-at-ports/
  • Rutherford, D., Meng, Z., Zhou, Y., Pavlenko, N., Comer, B., Padeti, J., Seward, N., Semiz, O, Ji, C., Schmidt, J. (2024). Feasibility Study of Future energy Options for Great Lakes Shipping, ICCT, ABS, GSGP. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2024-04/ID-98-%E2%80%93-MARAD-report_final.pdf
  • Sarnacki, B. (2022). Study of Marine Diesel Soot Emissions Using Oxygenated Fuel Blends, Maine Maritime Academy. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2022-06/MMAMETELMARAD_FinalReport%2005252022%20%28002%29.pdf
  • Sarnacki, B. (2023). Emissions Comparison of a Marine Vessel Under Autonomous and Manual Control, Maine Maritime Academy. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2023-02/MMAMARAD_AutonomousVesselFinalReport.pdf
  • Schenk, E., Carr, E. W., Corbett, J. J., Winebrake, J. J. (2020). Macroeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Port Electrification: Four Port Case Studies, University of Delaware, EERA, Rochester Institute of Technology. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2020-09/Port%20Electrification%20MARAD%20Final%20Report.pdf
  • Sea Machines Robotics (2019). Report Detailing the Installation, Operation, and Demonstrations of the Sea Machines Robotics SM-300 Autonomous Control System aboard the MSRC Kvichak MARCO Boom Skimmer Vessel, Sea Machines Robotics. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/12101/mock-demo-report-11-25-2019-final.pdf
  • Tan, E. C. D., Harris, K., Tifft, S., Steward, D., Kinchin, C. (2021). Adoption of Biofuels for the Marine Shipping Industry: A Long-Term Price and Scalability Assessment, NREL. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2021-12/FINALNRELPRICESCALABILITY.pdf
  • Tan, E. C. D., Hawkins, T. R., Lee, U., Tao, L., Meyer, P. A., Wang, M., Thompson, T. (2020). Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas and Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions for Biobased Marine Fuels, NREL, ANL, PNNL. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2020-10/TroyatArgonnejournalarticle.pdf
  • Tan, E. C. D., Tao, L. (2019). Economic Analysis of Renewable Fuels for Marine Propulsion, NREL. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/ports/office-environment/11196/marad-tea-marine-fuels-report-2019-04-30.pdf
  • Thomas, J. F., Sluder, C. S., Kass, M. D., Theiss, T. (2019). A Guide to Fuel, Lubricant, and Engine Concerns Relative to the IMO 2020 Fuel Oil Sulfur Reduction Mandate, Oak Ridge. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/12166/maradprimerornl-draft-12122019final-v1-003.pdf
  • UNCTAD (2023). Review of Maritime Transport, UNCTAD. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2023_en.pdf
  • Uría-Martínez, R., Leiby, P. N., Corbett, J., Wang, Z. (2021). Primer on the Cost of Marine Fuels Compliant with IMO 2020 Rule, Oak Ridge. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2021-12/SPR2088_Primer%20on%20the%20Cost%20of%20Marine%20Fuels%20Compliant%20with%20IMO2020%20rule.pdf
  • Wolosz, C. J., Stewart R. D., Riehl, J. P. (2012). MARAD Great Lakes Natural Gas Feasibility and Design Study, Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9586/marad-glmri-great-lakes-natural-gas-study-december-2012.pdf
  • Wolosz, C. J., Stewart R. D., Riehl, J. P. (2014). MARAD/Great Lake LNG/Repowering Study: Phase II, Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute. https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/docs/innovation/meta/9591/glmri-lng-phase-ii-report-1-april-2014.pdf

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SAFE-T: Ship Alternative Fuel and Emissions - Toolkit

Developed with funding from the U.S. Department of Transportation - Maritime Administration (MARAD) Maritime Environmental and Technical Assistance (META) Program.

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